\\NEWSERVER\FirstLD\Video_A_L\B\Banks_Ernie\Banks_Ernie_04.mpgF:\The HistoryMakers from sctnserver\Oserver_MAC\HMWebSite_Dev\Individual HistoryMakers\B\Banks, Ernie\Transcript\Banks_Ernie_04.txtTyler BarnettErnie Banks begins by discussing his foray into politics, running for alderman in the City of Chicago. He discusses how politicians have used his life as a positive example for society. Banks discusses the roots of his positive attitude, and how some have difficulty understanding his personal outlook. Banks details how he and other prominent African Americans with positive outlooks are vilified as being disloyal to their race. Banks outlines his many connections with well-known personalities, explaining that he does not feel a personal connection with other celebrities. He professes contentment in his life because he is not attached to society. Banks explains his future plans to become a philanthropist. He talks about his admiration for many athletes who now participate in an industry rather than a game. Banks closes by discussing his empathy for children, created by the numerous negative influences in society.A2000.0032000The HistoryMakers2000-07-18Banks, Ernie, 1931-Julieanna RichardsonChicago, Illinois00:30:51.794283Banks_Ernie_04The HistoryMakers04:00:19:28Ernie Banks interview, tape 4Matthew HickeyErnie Banks talks about running for alderman in the City of ChicagoI ran for alderman of the eighth ward [Chicago, Illinois] in 1963. You know, when Mayor [Richard J.] Daley was here--You ran for alderman? Okay.1963, and Mayor Daley was the mayor. And, you know, they asked him the question, "well, how do you think that baseball player's going finish out in the eighth ward?" And he said, "he's going to finish in left field." I had a platform and all. I didn't have no money. I had a platform and all that.Well, what made you decide you wanted to run for alderman?Because then, I began to see, you know, some of the things that when I was a child, you know, and growing up, all the, you know, the unfairness and all that. I understand the unfairness of things. I mean I know who I was. I'm a black man living in America. I knew that. But I know the unfairness and stuff, and I tried to do it, you know, in my own way of doing it when I ran for alderman--I went to, you know, all the meetings and campaigning and all that, and down to City Hall, and, you know, all the things you do. And one guy encouraged me, a business guy. And I really liked him, and I still miss him. His name was S.B. Fuller. I went to him, and I said, "hey, I want to run for alderman of the eighth ward." He said "that would be a great idea." "What do I need to do?" He said, "here's what you need to do. You've got to do this, do that, do that. Always wear a hat," you know, "always go here and there and there and there. It's a great thing." So that's when I stepped out there. So I began to kind of look at things that I wanted to kind of step out in the world and get into the big arena and see what's going on. That was my major thrust. I know that there are people that didn't like me, don't like blacks. I knew there were people that, you know, just didn't like a lot of different things about everybody else. It was always there. I mean there was a lot of hate going on. '68 [1968], that was around, you know, when there was riots and all that stuff, '69 [1969], Dr. [Martin Luther] King [Jr] and [activist] Roy Innis's CORE [Congress of Racial Equality, civil rights organization]. All the different organizations began to form in the United States. I was beginning to be a part of that. '64 [1964], we had the riots in Watts [Los Angeles, California]. We played in L.A. [Los Angeles]. And, you know, I've seen a lot of that around me, and I understood a lot of that. But my main thing was to rise above it, to live above and beyond all of this maze of unrest. I guess it's kind of spiritual-like, because my brother was in jail one time, and he used to read the Bible all the time. When he got out, he and I were just sitting around talking. He said, "Ernie, you know, one thing I learned about, then--I read the Bible every day--people have never gotten along going way back." You know, he'd describe all the scriptures in the Bible. "People have really always--hate and disrupt and fighting and biting and snarling and growling." You know, and I understood that in my early days, all of that. That's why I didn't talk very much. People will never--I mean it's hard for people to get along. Dr. King came along and said it. For me, he said it, you know, we had to live together or die in the street like fools.00/00/1963-00/00/1969Ability::LeadershipAfrican American leadershipAfrican American ideologiesAutobiographical::Views::Political and social viewsAutobiographical::Views::Views on RaceAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Work and career::Career changesAutobiographical::Work and Career::Career aspirationsCivil rights organizations::Civil rights organizations::Congress of Racial EqualityCivil rights movementLocations::US::Illinois::ChicagoLocations::US::California::Los AngelesBanks, Ernie, 1931-Daley, Richard J., 1902-1976King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Politics::Election campaignsGovernment::LocalSocial problemsSocial work with African AmericansRace relationsRacism::Riots::Watts Riot, Los Angeles, Calif., 1965Ernie Banks talks about being an example for social changeDid people like Dr. [Martin Luther] King [Jr.] or [Rev.] Jesse Jackson, did they try to get you to, you know, join the [Civil Rights] Movement?No.They didn't.I met them when I was in business. Dr. King was around. In the business Jesse was around, no. But Jesse had said this--I mean while you were still playing, though.No.No one asked you to come and be a representative?No.Okay.And Jesse has mentioned this to other people, who told me that of all the social change that exists in this city [Chicago, Illinois], that I was the number one person. Mine was mostly by the way I lived, example. That's what I always thought of when I walked out the door. I would say to myself: "people, watch me. I will lead you,"--I feel, like, very spiritual, like my grandfather wanted me to be a minister--"I would lead you to the path of righteousness. It's okay, now. We're going to die. We're all going to die. We need to die." Some of the people, we don't need to live forever. We didn't die, so what. I mean we wouldn't want a lot of people around that did so many bad things in their early days.Did you ever feel pressure to be--? I mean because you were a black person representing, you know, mainly a white world, did you feel any pressure as a role model or anything like that?No. I'd just say, "watch me." I wouldn't feel like Mahatma Gandhi or anybody, just "watch me," that, you know, "this is a way to live."00/00/1963-00/00/196900/00/1971-00/00/1980Ability::LeadershipAfrican American leadershipAutobiographical::ReligionAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Public imageAutobiographical::Views::Political and social viewsBanks, Ernie, 1931-King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Jackson, Jesse, 1941-Race awarenessRace relationsCivil rights movementErnie Banks explains his positive attitudeWhat do you think--because you've had many adversities: you've had lots of money and lost it; you've had a wonderful career. What is the glue in your life, in your family background, that you can think of that's made you keep this wonderful attitude and made you so enduring, even today, to your fans, young and old?I feel that everything is a miracle; I mean that my life is in divine order, just meant to be. I can't point it out. I think most people, what they do in their life, it's just meant to be, and you just have to flow with it like the river. Just flow with that. It's not being beat around, kicked around, and all that kind of stuff, but understanding and standing up for what you believe in. But it was just meant to be. It's like a miracle. I feel it's a miracle that all the things that happened in my life. I almost died in 1957, got an infected hand. And I kept going to the trainer and tell him my hand was infected. He said, "well, no. It's not. It's just a blister. Let me--" and he kept doing it every day. I said, "my hand is really bothering me." And finally, I came to the park one day, and my hand was just swollen up, I mean the infection was really moved. I walked in. He looked at it, and he said, "oh, you've got to go to the doctor." So I thought he was going to take me over there. "Go down and get a cab and go to the hospital." And that's what I did. Nobody went with me. I went to the hospital. As soon as I walked in, Dr. Braun, B-R-A-U-N, was coming out of the elevator as I was coming in. And he saw me, saw this infection that was going up to my heart, rushed me into surgery, and later on he told me it was, you know, pretty close because the infection was really moving up in my body, all over my body. He saved my life. And then, the only person who came to see me was a guy named [baseball player] Monte Irvin when I come out of surgery, and his wife, Dee. And I looked up, and he--he called me "Top," T-O-P--"Top, you're going to be all right." And I said, "okay, Monte and Dee." You know, they were the only ones that came to see me. So what I'm saying, most of my life, I felt that nobody liked me, nobody. I always felt that, nobody. And I would say, "why should they? They don't even know me?" I don't know anybody who went out of their way, very few people went out of their way to do anything for me. Do I feel bad about it? No. I just did everything. I did things that I felt "I needed to be, where I need to be. I'm going to get something out of it."00/00/1957Autobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::PersonalityAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::Public imageBanks, Ernie, 1931-Sports::Baseball::African American baseball playersValuesErnie Banks talks about public perception of his positive attitudeBut in those five years that, you know, after--I mean before the death of Mr. [Philip K.] Wrigley but after you had been let go, were those down years for you and were you sort of trying to find your way? You had spent how many years at that point playing ball?Close to twenty years.Close to twenty years.Actually, it was over twenty years 'cause I was coaching when I got fired. But did it bother me? No. I mean I can't explain it. CBS [Columbia Broadcasting System], [journalist] Bob Lipsyte came to Chicago [Illinois] to do an interview with me. I was in the insurance business right at 401 N Michigan [Chicago], Equitable Life Insurance Company. I got a job there. Another friend got me a job there. [Attorney, ambassador, businesswoman] Jewel Lafontant [MANkarious] got me a job. She was on the board of that crew, got me a job there. And he came and interviewed me about what you just asked me. It was always a mystery to most people in baseball, "how in the world does this guy be this way?" I didn't ask for no job. I didn't get bitter with anybody. He did an interview--I wish I could find it--about "how do you do it? What's your life like?" "It's fine. I mean I have no job. I'm just starting all over, a new career, and trying to find my way around," the usual things that happen to people when their lives are changing, divorce and kids running away. People didn't understand "how in the world you deal with it?" Most people felt that I was going to fall in the gutter or live on the viaduct someplace. Seemed like they were hoping that. And I went to see a psychologist. When I worked at a bank in Raywood [Illinois], they had a psychologist working with the executives and all. I mean she was telling us, "gosh, I don't unders--." "People were always coming around wanting me to sign different things. I don't play anymore. I want to get on with my life. What should I do?" And she told me: "Just enjoy. That's what you are. That's who you are. That's it." So I'd go point A to point B, signing autographs, meeting people to tell me about their business opportunity. I didn't even have a job myself (laughs). They're telling me to help them to get a job. And then, I went to many places to try to get jobs after people told me how much they love you, "you're the best this, you're the greatest this, you did that." I'd go to them, and I said, "I'm looking for a job. Here's my resume. I'll go into training." And they'd tell me, "okay, we'll get back to you." Never got back. And I'd go to somebody else, the same thing. I must have went to fifty different people who told me how great I was. 'How Great Thou Art' it's a song. It didn't bother me 'cause I knew that it was only pretending. I see a lot of pretending. People pretend they're something that they're really not, and it don't have to be that way. Some of them I tell, "you don't have to be that way. It's okay."Autobiographical::Work and career::Appointments to officeAutobiographical::Work and career::Career changesAutobiographical::Work and Career::Career aspirationsAutobiographical::Work and career::Occupational choicesAutobiographical::PersonalityAutobiographical::Public imageAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::ValuesBanks, Ernie, 1931-ValuesErnie Banks talks about being perceived as an "Uncle Tom"[Leroy] "Satchel" [Paige, baseball player], I spent quite a bit of time with him, you know, in barnstorming [traveling baseball team]. And then, he came to the majors. And just 'round and listen to him and his lifestyle. And Buck O'Neil [baseball player, manager] used to talk about him a lot. And he was a lot like me. We were a lot like each other. He traveled, you know, all over the United States pitching. He was actually used as a drawing card for most of the games he played. He pitched against white teams more than, you know, most pitchers. And he was the attraction. He was the star. [Olympic gold medalist] Jesse Owens--a little bit like me. Jesse just did what he had to do. And I got one of his sayings. He said this many years ago, that "one chance is all you need." And he did that in 1937 [1936] when he ran in the [Summer] Olympics and [Adolf] Hitler and all that. And what we do is--and I've seen it with them, Satchel Paige, Jesse Owen[s]--we kind of--[actor, director, writer] Ossie Davis--we're kind of labeled as "Uncle Toms," that we'll just go along with things and take whatever come our way, and we don't stand up for any specific cause. We don't seek to get into the big arena. But what all of us know, that the three people, the other two people I mentioned, we all know that the big arena is an arena that nobody sees. It's almost like a puppet on--like a puppet show. Everybody's being maneuvered by someone you can't see. The puppeteer you never see. We know and we feel and we have contact with a lot of those people that are puppeteers. So we understand and look for the big picture. If you want to kind of summarize my life. I look for the big picture, always. Who's responsible for what and why? And then, you find out through the money side of the world, who has it, where it goes, and who keeps it and what kind of money is it? Is it stolen money? Is it bank money? Is it drug money? What kind of money are we talking about when you're talking about money? So we kind of look at that and feel it and experience it, but it's beyond everybody else's thinking. And we criticized and sometimes beaten to death, don't have a lot of friends. I mean Jesse--in the '68 [1968 Summer] Olympics, I mean, you know, [Olympic gold medalist Tommie] Smith and, you know, the Black Power [medal podium protest], and they called him an "Uncle Tom," and, you know, many things he did, going up, running against horses, he couldn't make any money, and all of his speaking engagements. Same thing with Satchel. I mean you just kind of go through looking at the big picture, but you can't tell anybody, and they're not going to listen, anyway. But you understand it. You just understand the big picture, that the big picture is we're all like puppets on a string. Some of the "dot com" kids are trying to buy the strings, but they can't get it. Can't get it. I'm sorry. I've been saying this and all that. You can't get it. They won't let you buy the strings.00/00/193600/00/1968Ability::LeadershipAfrican American ideologiesAfrican American ideologies::Black powerAfrican American leadershipAutobiographical::Public imageAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::Self reliance and successAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Views::Political and social viewsAutobiographical::Views::Views on RaceBanks, Ernie, 1931-Race relationsRace awarenessSports::OlympicsDavis, Ossie, 1917-Paige, Leroy "Satchel", 1906-1982Owens, Jesse, 1913-1980Smith, Tommie, 1944-Civil rights demonstrations::Smith and Carlos at 1968 Summer OlympicsErnie Banks explains that his business connections are not personal connectionsNow, who in Chicago [Illinois] were your friends, or who are some of your friends? Forget about Chicago, but you mentioned [attorney, ambassador, businesswoman] Jewel Lafontant [MANkarious]. I mean who were your friends? You mentioned [businessman] S.B. Fuller was, you know important in your life. Who were the people that, you know, that you sort of hung around?That I admired?Did you hang around Tyrone Taylor?Did he say I hung around with him?I mean was he a friend of yours? His son said that he, you know, hung out at your house.No.Okay.Do I know Tyrone? Do I know him, yes. I knew him. He married a girl from Dallas [Texas], but she got stabbed to death. That's how they, you know, kind of tied me into that.Okay.And she got stabbed to death. She's from Dallas. And he was alderman of the fourth ward [Chicago]. I knew him from that side.But I mean who were the people that you, you know, considered friends that, you know, were supportive of you? But who were those people?I never got connected to anyone to consider a friend. I've seen a lot of the people. I admired a lot of them. I admired [publisher] John [H.] Johnson. I called him up and, you know, I thought about having a dinner for him because I felt he did a lot of things for people and a very challenging guy. He went back to school, got his Master's at University of Chicago [Chicago, Illinois] and all that.[Banks' wife] Liz [Banks], do you disagree with that answer?What is she saying?Maybe you can be a little bit more brief and just--No, that's okay.Am I too long?No, he's not. Okay, I'm not criticizing him that way. Go on. Go on.I mean I don't get it 'cause Liz kind of, she--No, I think what she's trying to understand is when you were--who did you feel connected to? Did you feel connected to anybody?He said no one.I said no one. Did I know them? Al Johnson, you know, [attorney] Roland Burris, [businessman] Clark Burrus, and, you know, Bishop [Louis Henry] Ford to [Rev.] Jesse [Jackson]. I mean and I knew a lot of these people.And some of them were very "clique-ish"Yeah, I knew a lot of these people, Horace Noble, you know, he was an automobile builder. Horace Noble and you name it. Howard Medley, I served on the board of CTA [Chicago Transit Authority] for fifteen years. You know, I see a lot of people. I just--Eugene Barnes. You know, I can name them if I see them, and, you know, I never--[politician] Wilson Frost and [politician] Gene Sawyer and all these people. I didn't, you know, go to their house to have dinner. They didn't invite me to dinner. You know, we didn't do anything together. I didn't play golf. I had no social things that I did that connect with them. I think most of them in politics was not favorable when [First Lady] Hillary [Rodham] Clinton asked me to introduce her at the Democratic Convention here [Chicago]. And they saw me come up on the stage, and I kind of looked at their faces, and, "what they heck is he doing up there?" You know, naturally, people want to do that. And she asked me to introduce her and all that. Was I overwhelmed with that? No. I've been to Washington [D.C.]. I spoke to eight presidents. They asked me to come there to speak before eight presidents. And they got an escort and all the security and everything, and I did. I went there and spoke. And I wish I could get the tape of that. And, "were you overwhelmed by this?" I mean [President] Gerald Ford, I was on the flight with him in '76 [1976] at the [Baseball] All-Star game at Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. He asked me to go with him, and I was the only one on there with another writer, Jim Murray, a great writer for the Los Angeles Times. I mean it, "was you overwhelmed by any of that," and I mean they were just people like anybody else.00/00/1976Autobiographical::PersonalityAutobiographical::Public imageBanks, Ernie, 1931-Autobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Self reliance and successErnie Banks explains feeling content in the latter stages of his lifeWell, let me ask this. Are you enjoying your life now?I'm really at peace with my life because I'm--I feel I'm on the outside looking in. At sixty-nine, I feel really comfortable about it. I'm going to be teaching a class at Lake Forest School of Management [Lake Forest, Illinois], and I'm excited about that. I've been asked to do many things, many speaking engagements and appearances. I mean all kinds of things just kind of coming at me, and it's so exciting, you know, to be in this position, I mean to live like this. It's like sometimes, things come late if you're patient. And I tell [baseball player] Hank [Aaron] this, too. I mean Hank is in his sixties now, and he's got all these things happening, the foundation [Chasing the Dream Foundation] and the President [George W. Bush] coming and all these people coming and celebrating his birthday and all these things. And sometime, as we creep toward the end, as the accolades start coming your way, and what I'm doing is kind of bouncing them off of me to [Banks' wife] Liz [Banks] so she can see how real life can be. It can be real real, I mean exciting things happening. I mean [Berkshire Hathaway CEO] Warren Buffet and [Microsoft CEO] Bill Gates asked me to come to Augusta National [Golf Club, Augusta, Georgia] to play golf with them. So I played golf with half of the world's economy. And most people say, "were you scared? What was it like?" I mean I can't explain it. It was just like two people playing golf. I brought up some golf shirts that they didn't even wear with their names on them. I mean they're just normal people that enjoy what they were doing.Autobiographical::PersonalityAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::Public imageAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Self reliance and successBanks, Ernie, 1931-Aaron, Henry (Hank), 1934-Ernie Banks discusses his future plans for philanthropySo what do you want to accomplish at this point in your life? You have a life partner [wife Liz Banks] who seems to be good on the business end and, you know, and you're working together. But what do you want to accomplish now?I want to be the poor man philanthropist. I want to give away money. I went to Richmond, Virginia. I met a guy. He didn't know me. I called him. I called him up, I just read about him, Mr. Cannon. He's a postal worker that when he retired he would call up people and give them money. He didn't have any money himself. Remember reading about him, Mr. Cannon? Remember reading about him? But that's what he did. He didn't have a lot of money but the little money he had, he'd read in the paper that "Susan live on West 15th street; can't pay her rent; she's been put out on the street." And he would find out her phone number, call her up, and taker her $1000, $500. Poor man philanthropist, that's what I want to do. All I want to do is give money away. I don't have time to be giving a lot of things, and Liz is the person to do that. I gave money to [golfer] Tiger Woods Foundation, money to the Willie White Foundation, you know that works with kids and experienced people. Give money to [basketball player] Michael Jordan Foundation, and you would think "what is he doing all--" I did a lot of stuff with [entrepreneur, television host] Oprah [Winfrey]. "Why you do think you do things for wealthy people like that?" Wealthy people need help, too. It ain't just poor people need help. Wealthy people need a lot more help than poor people. So that's what I want to be--the poor man philanthropist. I want to be that. I want to create an image so that I can become a Nobel Laureate. I can see myself standing on the stage in Stockholm [Sweden], receiving that noble honor for just giving. That's it.Banks, Ernie, 1931-PhilanthropyAutobiographical::Work and Career::Career aspirationsAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::Public imageErnie Banks briefly discusses baseball as a businessNow what, what in the whole sports, the sports--it was, I don't know what it was before--but, it was a game, a sport, and now it's become an industry. And do you have any thoughts about the direction things are taking? It's changed a lot than when you first got involved.Nothing more than what [Chicago Cubs owner] Mr. [Philip K.] Wrigley said to me fifty years ago. I mean, baseball is too big of a business to be a sport, too big of a sport to be a business. It's just, it's just there. It's unpredictable with what is going to happen with any of it. If it rains for most of the beginning of the season, you not going to draw any crowds. If you don't win, you not going to draw any crowds, and when your big players get hurt, you're not going to draw no crowds. You not going to win, you not going to draw no crowds. So it's--I don't understand--I mean when I look at it, it's almost like I didn't play it. It's all they talk about is money. That's most all the conversation is about that I hear, is about money.Autobiographical::Personal philosophySports::Baseball::African American baseball playersSports::Baseball::ProfessionalBanks, Ernie, 1931-Ernie Banks talks about the difficulties faced by some of his favorite athletesIs there any athlete that you admire these days?A lot. Yes.Like, who are they?I like [baseball player] Cal Ripken [Jr.]. I like [baseball player] Ken Griffey, Jr. It's a lot of them. I like [baseball player] Sammy Sosa. I mean lot of very talented athletes. [Baseball player] Mike Piazza--and I kinda touched their lives. I see them. Some times [Banks' wife] Liz [Banks] and I go somewhere. There they are. Like we went to Las Vegas [Nevada], and we doing some things out there, and go to this restaurant. Who's sitting over here? It's Mike Piazza. I don't know him real well but I sent him an apple pie to his table and some ice cream, and he ate it. But, I they're just there. Wherever I go there it is for me, but I admire all the athletes, you know. [Basketball player] Michael [Jordan] and it's so many of them that I admire for many things, that when you at the pinnacle--[golfer] Tiger Woods--when you at the pinnacle and it is so much you have to deal with, you know [boxer] Mike Tyson, and its so much, so much. And I met a guy the other day in Las Vegas that started a bank, off-shore banking--legally, now--to deal with athletes and entertainers to insure their money, their wealth. In other words, if you have 100 million dollars you can insure that in case you're sued, because this is what happened to most of those people. They're sued a lot for everything, almost daily, but, you know the things out there. But baseball has gone to a whole different level, all the sports. And it's about money, and it's about T.V. and the media and all of that. It's a production; it's entertainment. It's pretty fun to watch some of the stuff on ESPN [cable television channel] and Fox [television network] and what they talk about and how they make it bigger than life, you know how certain people do things and different things and how they build stuff up. I mean it's really interesting to me, because it's only a sport. Sometime I think it has no social value, sometimes. Because who benefits from this? I mean is it our children?Ability::Athletic abilityAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Personal philosophyBanks, Ernie, 1931-Sports::Baseball::ProfessionalSports::Baseball::African American baseball playersValuesErnie Banks discusses negative societal influences on childrenSome of the stuff that our children see, I say, "gosh, no wonder it's tough for them to be taught in school, when they see fighting and biting and styling and growling and kicking and running and slapping and all kinds of things that's happening." I say "gosh what do our children, what do they think, inner-city kids, what do they think when they see this stuff, when somebody slaps they wife or beat up their wife or all kinds of stuff?" I say "God, almighty," this stuff these people are seen every day on television and really put in a high level. And our children see this, I mean, they can't be another way, even our movies. I mean to see this stuff, 'Boyz 'N the Hood,' they sell this stuff. "Gosh, how can they be"--what it tells me that I have so much empathy--that's what I got on my cap--empathy for children. It is such a journey. I mean if you can be in the world not of it then you have a chance, because all the stuff that is going around them, it's like, "wow. This is wow, I mean, gosh, unbelievable," you know, how it is. But to me this is the most interesting time [July 2000] to be alive--to me. This is the greatest time ever to be living. I'm just so happy I'm alive to see all this, from the outside. I'm not in it, now, as I said earlier. I'm looking at it. I mean I'm kind of looking at. It's like a movie to me, like a production.00/00/2000Banks, Ernie, 1931-Popular culture::Popular culture influencesAutobiographical::ValuesAutobiographical::Personal philosophyAutobiographical::Views::Political and social viewsMedia::African Americans and MediaSocial problemsSocialization